What programming languages are used in Blockchain?

Blockchain development is a complex and evolving field that incorporates both infrastructure-level programming and application-level scripting. Multiple programming languages are used depending on the blockchain layer and the specific project requirements.

Here are the most commonly used programming languages in blockchain:

• Solidity: The dominant language for smart contract development on Ethereum and EVM-compatible chains. It’s specifically designed to write contracts that execute on-chain.

• Rust: Known for performance and memory safety, Rust is used in high-performance chains like Solana, Polkadot, and Near. It's ideal for protocol-level development.

• Go (Golang): Go is the foundation of Ethereum clients (like Geth) and Hyperledger Fabric. Its simplicity and concurrency support make it well-suited for decentralized networks.

• JavaScript / TypeScript: Widely used for dApp frontends, interacting with smart contracts through libraries like Web3.js and Ethers.js. TypeScript is favored for typed safety and maintainability.

• Python: Often used for scripting, blockchain data analysis, and creating prototypes. Libraries like Web3.py and Brownie support Ethereum development.

• C++: Core components of Bitcoin and EOS are written in C++ due to its fine-grained memory management and speed.

Each language supports different layers of blockchain development, from smart contracts to consensus algorithms, wallets, and SDKs.

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